Cixert

Below I detail some peculiarities I've found in the most reliable tools. I completely rule out any others not mentioned. SPECIAL FEATURES OF OFFICIAL TOOLS Windows 2000 Disk Management: -Initializes MBR disks + 2 TiB -Creates MBR partitions larger than 2 TiB -Only aligns to sector 63 -Does not format FAT32 partitions larger than 32 GiB Windows XP Disk Management: -Initializes MBR disks + 2 TiB -Does not create MBR partitions larger than 2 TiB -Only aligns to sector 63 -Does not format FAT32 partitions larger than 32 GiB Windows Seven Disk Management: -Initializes MBR disks + 2 TiB -Does not create MBR partitions larger than 2 TiB -Only allows you to use the first 2 TiB of an MBR hard disk. DiskPart.exe in Windows 2000 -Does not exist. DiskPart.exe in XP -Does not initialize MBR disks +2 TiB -Does create partitions +2 TiB -Only aligns to sector 63. -Does not format any type of partition (it does not have the format command). -Requires exiting the program to work without errors with other programs, since the disks appear as mounted in it. DiskPart.exe in Windows Seven -Initializes MBR disks +2 TiB -Does not create MBR partitions larger than 2 TiB. -Requires exiting the program to work without errors with other programs, since the disks appear as mounted in it. Note: To use third-party programs, you must first exit Diskpart with the "exit" command, or the disks will remain mounted, generating errors in other programs. SPECIAL FEATURES OF THIRD-PARTY TOOLS Acronis Disk Director: -It is linked to the operating system's Disk Manager. -Partition alignment depends on the operating system; in XP, they are aligned to sector 63 and in Windows 7 to sector 256. -When expanding a FAT32 partition created with "MiniTool Partition Wizard 9.2" by using the free space left behind, the partition appears marked as "Damaged" in DiskGenius. -It does not support cluster sizes greater than 64 KB. DiskGenius: -It does not have a separate option to initialize the hard drive or leave it in its initial state. -When creating partitions on an MBR +2TB hard disk, without prior initialization, the drive letter is not visible in Windows XP, but it is visible in Windows 7 (it requires a separate initialization). EaseUS Partition Master -There is no separate option to initialize the hard drive or leave it in an initial state. -It does not allow creating +2 TiB partitions on MBR hard drives. FAT32 Format -Does not support cluster sizes greater than 64 KB Macrorit Partition Expert -Initializes MBR + 2 KB disks -Only aligns to sector 384. -There is a section that says "SSD partition alignment," expressed as a number plus the letter K, giving these options: Optimized, 4 KB, 8 KB, 16 KB, 32 KB, 64 KB, 128 KB, 256 KB, 512 KB. I don't know what its function is; any value selected on a hard drive with a 4096-byte logical sector results in the partition starting at sector 384. The help says: 4 KB is recommended for partitions smaller than 1 TB, 32 KB for 2 TB, and 64 KB for 3 TB and larger. https://macrorit.com/partition-magic-manager/how-to-align-ssd-partition.html I have found that either value gives the same result for the start and end sectors and cluster size on a mechanical disk. MiniTool Partition Wizard -There is no separate option to initialize the hard drive or leave it in its initial state. -When creating partitions, the alignment mode defaults to "Align to Cylinder" instead of "Align to MB." You must specify MB manually. (Align to cylinder is to sector 63 / Align to MB is to sector 256) -When creating partitions on an MBR +2TB hard disk, without prior initialization, the drive letter is not visible in Windows XP, but it is visible in Windows 7 (it requires a separate initialization). -Creating a single FAT32 partition on an 8 TB MBR hard drive leaves 9 MB of free space at the end, which is only visible with Acronis Disk Director 12.5 (if expanded with Acronis, the partition appears marked as "Damaged" in DiskGenius; formatting it with DiskGenius now shows it as OK). Paragon Partition Manager -There is no separate option to initialize the hard disk or leave it in an initial state. -Cluster sizes greater than 64 KB are not supported.

I've found that some partitions larger than 2 TiB created from Windows Seven are not visible in XP. Perhaps this is why some users consider the limit for MBR partitions to be 2 TiB. The problem is that official tools don't allow this, and third-party tools that don't have options to initialize new hard disks operate strangely on hard drives with 4096 bytes logical sectors. These tools don't measure the hard drive capacity, but rather the number of sectors. This happens at least with Eassos Disk Genius and MiniTool Partition Wizard, these consider the following: - All hard drives up to 16 TiB are considered MBR unless these are first converted to GPT. -They work incorrectly with a +2TiB hard drive if it is not initialized as MBR, since by default these consider it already initialized as MBR. - If partitions smaller than 2 TiB are created, these may be visible in XP. - After creating partitions larger than 2 TiB on an uninitialized hard disk with these tools, they are not visible in Windows XP, but they are visible in Windows Seven. This is why I decided to write these instructions for creating partitions larger than 2 TiB from Windows XP. Incidentally, in the latest Windows Eleven update, Microsoft has increased the official limit for FAT32 partitions from 32 GiB to 2 TiB, although I have managed to create them from XP without any problems, up to 16 TiB. First, we need to connect the hard drive with an adapter that informs XP of a logical sector size of 4096 bytes, for example, a USB-SATA adapter whose firmware provides this feature. More info here: https://msfn.org/board/topic/186645-devices-list-compatibles-mbr-hard-disk-2tb/ STEPS: 1. Clean the disk with Macrorit Partition Expert using the "Clean Up Disk" option. (equivalent to leaving it in factory settings) Alternatively, use the "clean" command in DiskPart or Acronis Disk Director 12.5. 2. Initialize the disk with Macrorit Partition Expert using the "Initialize" option. Alternatively, initialize the hard drive from the Windows XP Disk Management or with the program Acronis Disk Director 12.5. 3. Create the partitions. For NTFS, create the partitions with Eassos Disk Genius 5.6.0.1565. For FAT32, create the partitions with Macrorit Partition Expert 8.6.0, if you find it appropriate to start the partitions at sector 384. Once created with Macrorit, these can be resized with DiskGenius to any size and sector start. (Acronis does not support cluster sizes greater than 64 KB, and MiniTool leaves a 9 KB space at the end of the partition.) 4. Verify that the partitions appear in My Computer. If these don't appear, check the hard drive for any errors in Windows XP's Disk Management: -If it doesn't show an error, restart the system so that the partitions appear in My Computer and in Disk Management. -If it clearly shows an error, repeat the steps using alternative programs or another version of the Windows operating system. -If you're using another version of Windows, verify that the partitions are visible in XP before writing data. 5. The alignment results can be obtained in XP with the "wmic partition get Name,StartingOffset,Size" command, taking the values and dividing by 4096, or using MiniTool Partition Wizard 10.3 Professional with the "verify alignment" option. Conclusion: Always initialize hard disks with a specific tool that allows it before working with them.

The limits I've outlined are the practical limits where no data corruption exists in my tests, although the theoretical cluster limits may be different, I don't know the exact cause: Theoretical NTFS: 2^32 -1 cluster True NTFS: 2^32 -1 cluster Theoretical exFAT: 2^32 -1 cluster True exFAT: 2^28 clusters (little more) Theoretical FAT32: 2^28 -11 clusters True FAT32: 78.8~ million clusters On FAT32, I couldn't get past the 8 TiB partition limit, but I finally managed to do so with Macrorit Partition Expert. With this you can at least up to 16 TiB in FAT32, the real limit of FAT32 partitions according to Wikipedia. However, I can't run tests above 8 TiB to verify the true limits, as Macrorit limits FAT32 partitions to 2^26 clusters. There's some extraordinary news! Microsoft has increased the official FAT32 partition limit from 32 GiB to 2 TiB in the latest version of Windows. I haven't tested this, so I don't know what cluster size it assigns.

@Andalu is referring to file corruption on his system due to the PAE driver and the GPT loader. The correct version of the GPT loader refers to the fact that without the PAE driver, other versions of the Paragon loader also cause file corruption above 2 TiB. At this time, there is no known PAE driver that will not cause corruption above 2 TiB with any version of Paragon GPT Loader.

Good info, if you manage to port it and get it working, please report.

Sorry. I haven't tried booting an NT 5.x operating system from a GPT disk. It's best that you follow this information... https://msfn.org/board/topic/181911-read-gpt-hard-disk-on-windows-xp-solved/page/31/#findComment-1279892

I'm afraid that with PAE the only way to overcome 4294967296 sectors of 512 bytes (2 TIB) is to modify the Paragon GPT Loader or creating a new GPT Loader.

That PAE that you have activated in XP SP3 is not functional. Microsoft disables PAE in XP SP2 , so the patches were created, with the intention of enabling it again.

I tell you once again that all this you suggest has already been tested and does not work. The solutions are written in the first entry of this post in which we are. The method that works we have already described. Please read the links published in the first post and you will find explanations and solutions. Regarding PAE and Windows 2000 there is no solution yet, so it is not published anywhere else.

Increasing the cluster size does not allow you to exceed the 2 TiB limit in either GPT or MBR. In MBR, to exceed this limit up to 16 TiB, you must increase the logical sector size from 512 bytes to 4096 bytes. This requires hardware that performs the conversion in its firmware, which is not currently possible with IDE mode, much less with the Paragon GPT Loader. Here is a list of devices that support this with MBR. https://msfn.org/board/topic/186645-devices-list-compatibles-mbr-hard-disk-2tb

The PAE limit was commented by @Andalu on January 18, 2025 https://msfn.org/board/topic/181911-read-gpt-hard-disk-on-windows-xp-solved/page/27/#findComment-1276911 I ran the tests with @Dibya Path PAE and confirmed the results in the following posts. If you know of a PAE patch that works with GPT, please comment.

Hi, we've been working on these experiments for a while now. The +3TB solution from Gigabyte, Seagate, and others involves creating an additional virtual drive for capacities above 2 TiB. I don't recommend following the final link you posted to the Chinese solutions from 2011. That link recommends following all the incorrect steps we've already ruled out, which limit GPT to 2 TiB. Following those steps leads to data corruption starting at 2 TiB.

@Andalu I've found the reason why my partitions disappear when I start Disk Management in Windows XP. I initialize the hard disk as GPT, and the system automatically creates a partition called MSR. Since I don't want the characteristics of that partition, just like Bitlocker, I deleted it before creating new GPT partitions. Deleting the MSR partition isn't a problem in NT6-10, but in XP, if it's deleted, all GPT partitions disappear when I start Disk Management.

You must follow the exact instructions I provided in the links in the first post. https://msfn.org/board/topic/181911-read-gpt-hard-disk-on-windows-xp-solved/ The version of Paragon GPT you need is 8.0.1.0, which is included in Paragon Partition Manager 15 Professional. It won't work properly if you're using an older version, and you won't be able to exceed 2 TiB if you're using a version higher than 8.0.1.0. Although solutions have also been discussed for this, the easiest way is to use the version I mentioned. It has also been mentioned that the system doesn't work with PAE enabled!!! There is currently no solution for this. With PAE, the limit without data corruption is 2 TiB. Without PAE, the theoretical limit is 256 TiB for SATA. Working with data disks initialized as GPT is solved. I have no experience with GPT boot disks in Windows XP. But @reboot12 recently claims to have succeeded. https://msfn.org/board/topic/181911-read-gpt-hard-disk-on-windows-xp-solved/page/31/#findComment-1279892

Yes, I see it now in pag 2-20. PCI Express x16 graphic card inserted to the onboard PCI Express x16 slot may run only at x1 speed (Intel spec.). Make sure the installed PCI Express x16 graphic card support the downgrade x1 speed before you make a purchase. I don't know what the Intel specification is. I asked on Google Gemini (I left chatGPT for being a liar) and it says that Intel chipsets of that time only support 1x speed. I find that strange; I have an Intel Xeon i3000 (Mukilteo-2) (3000 series) (ICH7). GPU-Z and Aida64 say the speed is 16x; I'll try to run a more in-depth test. As a curiosity, I'll mention that the video card's bandwidth is 32-bit, and that when connected to Windows 2000-XP, the available RAM in Windows is limited to 2 GiB. While I don't have this limitation in Windows Seven and 10 x64.

Thanks for the research. Where are you reading this? "- a video card in the PCI-E x16 mechanical slot will run at 1x electrical" I can't find it in the motherboard manual. https://www.asus.com/sg/supportonly/p5m2sas/helpdesk_manual/ The BIOS has the following options: Initialize video card PEG/PCI PCI/PEG -Disable PEG. -Force 1x If I boot with the PEG/PCI option, the integrated graphics stop working in any operating system. (integrated graphics = PCI) In any case, virtual graphics cards aren't available either, so I'd rule out motherboard issues. I think the problem is with the operating system.

It is a Asus Server TS300-E4-PA4 with motherboard AsusP5M2. When I wrote RGB/S-Video in the outputs of the dedicated video card, Asus EN7300LE for HP with chip Nvidia GeForce 7300, I meant VGA/S-Video, I edited it for clarity.

I have a computer with four operating systems: Windows 2000 Windows XP Windows Seven Windows 10 And two video cards: an integrated ATI ES1000 and a dedicated Asus/Nvidia GeForce EN7300LE. The card works as a secondary card in all operating systems except Windows Seven. in which no monitor appears connected. I have a Sony Bravia TV connected to it via the VGA and S-Video outputs. Windows 2000 and XP allow me to clone the VGA/S-Video outputs with different resolutions using the Nvidia panel. Windows 10 restricts this to the same resolution, meaning the lowest S-Video resolution, and the option is not included in the Nvidia driver. The problem is that in Windows Seven, neither one nor the other is supported, no monitor appears connected. The driver is installed correctly and appears in the Device Manager. When I click on the Nvidia control panel this doesn't star, the following message appears: "Nvidia display settings are not available." "You are not using a display connected to an Nvidia GPU." If I right-click on the desktop and go to the screen resolution menu, only the monitor connected to the integrated card appears. -No other connected monitors appear in the device manager. -I've tried several monitors, and they don't appear either. -If I disconnect the integrated monitor and boot Seven with the dedicated card as the main card, it works perfectly, but then the integrated one stops working. -If I uninstall the NVidia driver and use the Microsoft driver for Nvidia nothing changes. -I've tried installing virtual video cards with virtual monitors, and the problem is similar. They appear in the device manager, but nowhere else. I can't install ATI cards because the drivers conflict with the integrated one.

This program in this post, Which is? https://msfn.org/board/topic/177176-mbr-gpt-drive-dissection/page/2/#findComment-1146865

My experience with openAI GPT-4 is that it invents most things. Just as it predicts the most logical word in natural language, it also predicts the most logical technical data, which leads us to mix philosophy with mathematics. If humanity relies on this without cross-checking the information, it will clearly lead to an evolutionary regression, in my opinion. I've managed to extract a lot of information from it, but after a lot of fighting, telling GPT-4 that it's false, that it's not like that, etc. Perhaps years ago I wouldn't have been able to obtain the information it has provided, and now I find myself needing to use it... because I have 3 computers, each with 4 operating systems, 10 browsers on each operating system, and 1,500 open tabs on each one, waiting to be read. Of course, I can't open a thousand more tabs to search for more information, so I struggle with chatGPT until it loops or I reach the point where chatGPT first tells me one thing, then another, and then tells me the first thing again. Since I realized everything was false regarding the sectors, here we are in this forum, reading starman's website, which is certainly more useful. The worst part is when I pass it machine code, it tells me to read it, but in reality, it's searching the internet for the result of reading a code different from mine. On starman's website, I read that both MBR and VBR are dynamic and modifiable by the operating system, so that question is resolved; I just need to know when they are modified. From what I read, in Windows there is a file with the MBR code called "dmadmin exe." I used the Active Disk Editor program, and it gave me the meaning of all the bytes in sector 0 MBR and sector 0 VBR. But it doesn't give any information about sectors 1 and beyond. I've seen a screenshot of another program on this forum that gives information about the bytes in sectors, but I don't know its name and I'd like someone to tell me. Wait a minute, I can't find the link now. I'll reboot with another operating system where I have this tab open. I'm currently on 7 because Active Disk Editor resets the disks when I open it in XP, even though the website says it's XP compatible. I'll reboot with XP and post back.

Which do you consider to be the best LLM for technical questions? Do you know of any programs that translate the binary/hexadecimal code of boot sectors? Thank you. I read that Sector Inspector and Active Disk Editor might do this.

The solution may be to install a PCI card with SATA adapters. Those based on the ASMedia 1061 chip have a switch to choose "No boot," "IDE mode," or "AHCI." This might work with other chipsets, but they don't have a switch to choose the mode. I haven't tested them yet, so I can't comment further...

Yes, but it's well known that Microsoft isn't entirely truthful, and the AI is 95% a liar, in my opinion. That's why I'm asking if anyone has tested 4Kn drives in real mode. My suspicion is that they should work in XP and in MBR mode would have a 16 TiB limit, at least as data disks. In GPT mode, they would need the Paragon driver to exceed 2 TiB. Those patches for 4K drives were made since Windows Vista; they don't exist for Windows XP, and again, my suspicion is that the patches only work to overcome the 2 TiB limit with full LBA-48. Without the patches, 2000, XP, Vista, and Seven all work correctly with 4K-512e hard disks up to 2 TiB with LBA-32 limit.

Ok, so to the point 1- Does the content of the sectors depend on the program used to create the hard disk and the partitions? 2- Why do some MBRs have a copy of sector 0 in sector 1? 3- Why do some FAT tables start at logical sector 32, others at 33, 34, or 37? 4- Some partitioning programs don't create spaces between partitions. Doesn't this prevent proper alignment? 5- The truth is, I can't interpret the binary code; I only recognize the boot signature 55AA in bytes 510 and 511. Is there a table to guide me? Some programs list the VBR OEM name as MSDOS5.0, while others say MSWIN4.1. Although the names are the same, the content varies greatly on different hard disks. 6- When I create an MBR disk with the same program, all the FAT32 partitions appear to have the same content. But in the partitions I've previously created on other disks, I see completely different binary codes. It seems like the boot partitions only have -Jump instruction? To where? -OEM Name -EBPB? In which sector? -FSInfo? What does FSInfo contain? Sector 1 contains almost nothing. -What does sector 2 contain? -What does sector 12 contain that is only present in boot partitions? -Why is backup sector 6 empty in logical partitions? -What do sectors 0, 1, and 2 contain in logical partitions? I will give the example of two different sectors No. 12: Disk 0: Offset 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 A B C D E F 000001800 66 0F B6 46 10 66 8B 4E 24 66 F7 E1 66 03 46 1C f ¶F f‹N$f÷áf F 000001810 66 0F B7 56 0E 66 03 C2 66 89 46 FC 66 C7 46 F4 f ·V f Âf‰FüfÇFô 000001820 FF FF FF FF 66 8B 46 2C 66 83 F8 02 0F 82 A6 FC ÿÿÿÿf‹F,fƒø ‚¦ü 000001830 66 3D F8 FF FF 0F 0F 83 9C FC 66 50 66 83 E8 02 f=øÿÿ ƒœüfPfƒè 000001840 66 0F B6 5E 0D 8B F3 66 F7 E3 66 03 46 FC BB 00 f ¶^ ‹óf÷ãf Fü» 000001850 82 8B FB B9 01 00 E8 87 FC 38 2D 74 1E B1 0B 56 ‚‹û¹ è‡ü8-t ± V 000001860 BE 70 7D F3 A6 5E 74 1B 03 F9 83 C7 15 3B FB 72 ¾p}ó¦^t ùƒÇ ;ûr 000001870 E8 4E 75 DA 66 58 E8 65 00 72 BF 83 C4 04 E9 55 èNuÚfXèe r¿ƒÄ éU 000001880 FC 00 20 83 C4 04 8B 75 09 8B 7D 0F 8B C6 66 C1 ü ƒÄ ‹u ‹} ‹ÆfÁ 000001890 E0 10 8B C7 66 83 F8 02 0F 82 3A FC 66 3D F8 FF à ‹Çfƒø ‚:üf=øÿ 0000018A0 FF 0F 0F 83 30 FC 66 50 66 83 E8 02 66 0F B6 4E ÿ ƒ0üfPfƒè f ¶N 0000018B0 0D 66 F7 E1 66 03 46 FC BB 00 00 06 8E 06 81 80 f÷áf Fü» Ž € 0000018C0 E8 1D FC 07 66 58 C1 EB 04 01 1E 81 80 E8 0E 00 è ü fXÁë €è 0000018D0 0F 83 02 00 72 D0 8A 56 40 EA 00 00 00 20 66 C1 ƒ rЊV@ê fÁ 0000018E0 E0 02 E8 11 00 26 66 8B 01 66 25 FF FF FF 0F 66 à è &f‹ f%ÿÿÿ f 0000018F0 3D F8 FF FF 0F C3 BF 00 7E 66 0F B7 4E 0B 66 33 =øÿÿ ÿ ~f ·N f3 000001900 D2 66 F7 F1 66 3B 46 F4 74 3A 66 89 46 F4 66 03 Òf÷ñf;Fôt:f‰Fôf 000001910 46 1C 66 0F B7 4E 0E 66 03 C1 66 0F B7 5E 28 83 F f ·N f Áf ·^(ƒ 000001920 E3 0F 74 16 3A 5E 10 0F 83 AB FB 52 66 8B C8 66 ã t :^ ƒ«ûRf‹Èf 000001930 8B 46 24 66 F7 E3 66 03 C1 5A 52 8B DF B9 01 00 ‹F$f÷ãf ÁZR‹ß¹ 000001940 E8 9D FB 5A 8B DA C3 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 èûZ‹Úà 000001950 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 000001960 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 000001970 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 000001980 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 000001990 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 0000019A0 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 0000019B0 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 0000019C0 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 0000019D0 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 0000019E0 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 0000019F0 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 55 AA Uª Disk 4: Offset 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 A B C D E F 000001800 0D 0A 41 6E 20 6F 70 65 72 61 74 69 6E 67 20 73 An operating s 000001810 79 73 74 65 6D 20 77 61 73 6E 27 74 20 66 6F 75 ystem wasn't fou 000001820 6E 64 2E 20 54 72 79 20 64 69 73 63 6F 6E 6E 65 nd. Try disconne 000001830 63 74 69 6E 67 20 61 6E 79 20 64 72 69 76 65 73 cting any drives 000001840 20 74 68 61 74 20 64 6F 6E 27 74 0D 0A 63 6F 6E that don't con 000001850 74 61 69 6E 20 61 6E 20 6F 70 65 72 61 74 69 6E tain an operatin 000001860 67 20 73 79 73 74 65 6D 2E FF 00 00 00 00 00 00 g system.ÿ 000001870 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 04 66 f 000001880 0F B6 46 10 66 8B 4E 24 66 F7 E1 66 03 46 1C 66 ¶F f‹N$f÷áf F f 000001890 0F B7 56 0E 66 03 C2 66 89 46 FC 66 C7 46 F4 FF ·V f Âf‰FüfÇFôÿ 0000018A0 FF FF FF 66 8B 46 2C 66 83 F8 02 0F 82 47 FC 66 ÿÿÿf‹F,fƒø ‚Güf 0000018B0 3D F8 FF FF 0F 0F 83 3D FC 66 50 66 83 E8 02 66 =øÿÿ ƒ=üfPfƒè f 0000018C0 0F B6 5E 0D 8B F3 66 F7 E3 66 03 46 FC BB 00 82 ¶^ ‹óf÷ãf Fü» ‚ 0000018D0 8B FB B9 01 00 E8 28 FC 38 2D 74 1E B1 0B 56 BE ‹û¹ è(ü8-t ± V¾ 0000018E0 6D 7D F3 A6 5E 74 1B 03 F9 83 C7 15 3B FB 72 E8 m}ó¦^t ùƒÇ ;ûrè 0000018F0 4E 75 DA 66 58 E8 65 00 72 BF 83 C4 04 E9 F6 FB NuÚfXèe r¿ƒÄ éöû 000001900 00 20 83 C4 04 8B 75 09 8B 7D 0F 8B C6 66 C1 E0 ƒÄ ‹u ‹} ‹ÆfÁà 000001910 10 8B C7 66 83 F8 02 0F 82 DB FB 66 3D F8 FF FF ‹Çfƒø ‚Ûûf=øÿÿ 000001920 0F 0F 83 D1 FB 66 50 66 83 E8 02 66 0F B6 4E 0D ƒÑûfPfƒè f ¶N 000001930 66 F7 E1 66 03 46 FC BB 00 00 06 8E 06 00 81 E8 f÷áf Fü» Ž è 000001940 BE FB 07 66 58 C1 EB 04 01 1E 00 81 E8 0E 00 0F ¾û fXÁë è 000001950 83 02 00 72 D0 8A 56 40 EA 00 00 00 20 66 C1 E0 ƒ rЊV@ê fÁà 000001960 02 E8 11 00 26 66 8B 01 66 25 FF FF FF 0F 66 3D è &f‹ f%ÿÿÿ f= 000001970 F8 FF FF 0F C3 BF 00 7E 66 0F B7 4E 0B 66 33 D2 øÿÿ ÿ ~f ·N f3Ò 000001980 66 F7 F1 66 3B 46 F4 74 3A 66 89 46 F4 66 03 46 f÷ñf;Fôt:f‰Fôf F 000001990 1C 66 0F B7 4E 0E 66 03 C1 66 0F B7 5E 28 83 E3 f ·N f Áf ·^(ƒã 0000019A0 0F 74 16 3A 5E 10 0F 83 4C FB 52 66 8B C8 66 8B t :^ ƒLûRf‹Èf‹ 0000019B0 46 24 66 F7 E3 66 03 C1 5A 52 8B DF B9 01 00 E8 F$f÷ãf ÁZR‹ß¹ è 0000019C0 3E FB 5A 8B DA C3 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 >ûZ‹Úà 0000019D0 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 0000019E0 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 0000019F0 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 55 AA Uª

Note: I don't know how to name the space between partitions; I'll name them relative physical sector 0. And I'll say that the partitions start at relative physical sector 63/64. I point out in blue what I have no knowledge about or the information available is not the same as what is seen with a binary editor like WinHex. MBR HARD DISK DIVISION WITH FAT32 PARTITIONS MBR Physical sector LBA 0 --> MBR (Master Boot Record) -Disk boot code (includes disk signature) -Partition table Entry 1 -Partition table Entry 2 -Partition table Entry 3 -Partition table Entry 4 -Boot signature 55AA Physical sector LBA 1 --> MBR copy on some hard disks, not on others. Physical sector LBA 2 --> Reserved boot sectors (empty space if using the original MBR) -Other boot loaders may occupy part of this space Note: On FAT12 disks, there is no MBR, only a primary partition. On hard drives, the VBR boot partition is the active partition specified in the partition table. PRIMARY PARTITIONS Physical sector LBA 63/64 --> 1st primary partition on hard drives. (Starting LBA) Logical Sector 0 --> VBR (Volume Boot Record) - Jump Instruction - OEM Name - EBPB (Extended BIOS Parameter Block) - Partition Boot Code - Boot Signature 55AA Logical Sector 1 --> FSInfo (File System Information) - FSInfo - Boot Signature 55AA Logical Sector 2 --> - "I don't know" - Boot Signature 55AA Logical Sector 3 --> Reserved Empty Space Logical Sectors 6, 7, and 8 --> VBR Copy Logical Sector 6 --> - Sector 0 Copy (VBR) Logical Sector 7 --> - Sector 1 Copy (FSInfo) Logical Sector 8 --> - Sector 2 Copy Logical Sector 9 --> Reserved empty space Logical sector 12 --> Only on boot partitions - "I don't know" Logical Sector 13 --> Reserved Empty Space Logical Sector 32? 33? 34? 38? --> FAT Tables -FAT 1 -FAT 1 slack -FAT 2 (copy of FAT 1) -FAT 2 slack Cluster 2 --> File System Volume -Root Directory Cluster 3 --> Files and directorys Last Logical Sector --> Slack Volume Relative Physical Sector 0 --> Optional Partition Gap (Empty Space) EXTENDED PARTITION (only one with multiple logical partitions) Relative Physical Sector 63/64 --> 1st Logical Partition (Starting LBA) Logical Sector 0,1, 2? --> EBR (Extended Boot Record) or EPBR (Extended Partition Boot Record) - Jump Instruction - OEM Name - EBPB (Extended BIOS Parameter Block) - Partition Boot Code - Partition table Entry 1 -> Current Logical Partition - Partition table Entry 2 -> Next Logical Partition (if any) (entries 3 and 4 empty) - Boot Signature 55AA (required) Logical Sectors 6, 7, and 8 --> EBR Copy Logical Sector 6 --> Empty in my partitions Logical Sector 7 --> Sector 1 Copy (FSInfo) Logical Sector 8 --> Sector 2 Copy Logical Sector 32 --> FAT Tables -FAT 1 -FAT 1 slack -FAT 2 (copy of FAT 1) -FAT 2 slack Cluster 2 --> File System Volume -Root Directory Cluster 3 --> Files and directorys Last Logical Sector --> Slack Volume