Microsoft seems to have officially fixed this issue with the release of KB4011188, you can automatically update Office 2010 on Windows XP x64 without manually omitting KBs now.

Snipped my later posts and editing this to contain actual useful information. Office 2010 can be installed on Windows XP Pro x64 by setting the installer to run in Compatibility Mode for Windows XP. Without installing any updates, Office 2010 runs as expected.

As you're updating your Office 2010 installation using Microsoft Update, you'll want to avoid a few updates that will crash Office 2010 running on Windows XP Pro x64.

1. KB3203460
2. KB3191899
3. KB3141538

Each of these KBs is a replacement of the previous KB, so if you hide KB3203460 in Microsoft Update, KB3191899 will show up. Hide that and KB3141538 will come along. Hide THAT and KB3118380 will show up, which DOES NOT crash Office 2010 and can be safely installed.

TL;DR hide the listed KBs in Microsoft Update when they show up if you want to update Office 2010 on Windows XP Pro x64. I'll try to keep this up to date if another KB comes along to replace KB3203460.

Edited November 12, 20178 yr by TeconMoon

-snip-

Edited June 21, 20179 yr by TeconMoon

Looks like KB3191899 was refreshed today:

May 9, 2017, update for Microsoft Office

Microsoft Office 2010
Product Knowledge Base title and article number
Office 2010 Description of the security update for Office 2010: May 9, 2017 (KB3191899)
Office 2010 Description of the security update for Office 2010: May 9, 2017 (KB3191841)
Office 2010 Description of the security update for Office 2010: May 9, 2017 (KB3118310)
Office 2010 May 2, 2017, update for Office 2010 (KB3128031)
Outlook 2010 May 2, 2017, update for Outlook 2010 (KB3191906)

Edited May 9, 20179 yr by jumper
formatting: link in quote citation (title)

-snip-

Edited June 21, 20179 yr by TeconMoon

I know this is a bit of an old issue that affects a very small amount of people, but this issue seems to have been officially resolved with KB4011188. You can now update as normal without omitting certain KBs!

KB4011188 replaces the following:

1. KB3213624 - Crashes
2. KB3203460 - Crashes
3. KB3191899 - Crashes
4. KB3141538 - Crashes
5. KB3118380 - Working