All im newbie in windows device driver programming i have 2 Question about windows adress space 1:- When the terms "user space" and "kernel space" are used, do they refer to the physical memory of the machine (RAM, actually present) or to the virtual memory (4 GB on 32-bit machines, just virtual) ? 2:- windows create 4 Gb vitural address space ( 2 Gb for user space and 2 GB for kernel space ) How windows create 4 Gb virtual address even i have only 256MB RAM actually present? as well how windows handle its kernel Direct Mapping to access these addresses? Regards Bajwa