Not scanning for a virus was a mistake on my side - i just went ahead with formatting the system. Yes, I looked up the stop:21a error and it says ============================================== This occurs when Windows switches into kernel mode and a user-mode subsystem, such as Winlogon or the Client Server Runtime Subsystem (CSRSS), is compromised and security can no longer be guaranteed. Because Win XP can’t run without Winlogon or CSRSS, this is one of the few situations where the failure of a user-mode service can cause the system to stop responding. This Stop message also can occur when the computer is restarted after a system administrator has modified permissions so that the SYSTEM account no longer has adequate permissions to access system files and folders. ================================================ here i wud like to add that i formatted the hard drive twice and reinstalled win xp twice. but after failing on both counts, i zero-filled the drive (took agonizing 10 hrs!) and then reinstalled xp this morning, only to get the same result. all the three times the exact following scenario has occured step 1 : format the hd step 2 : installed the os step 3 : restarted xp for first time after reaching the desktop and there it is - BSOD with c000021a on all three times during boot up. i fail to understand what causes this error ..... ...SOFTWARE/DRIVERS = possible. But there's only the raw os on hd ...FAULTY HARD DISK = aldy checked with seatools which says its good. and if it wasn't, why wud it let me work on it. ...ANY OTHER FAULTY HARDWARE = cannot be possible. the system is relatively new and apart from this bsod error there is no other indication of a faulty hardware. please suggest a solution, sir. Nitesh